Statement from Bill Gates:
“I’m truly saddened to learn of Steve Jobs’ death. Melinda and I extend our sincere condolences to his family and friends, and to everyone Steve has touched through his work.
Steve and I first met nearly 30 years ago, and have been colleagues, competitors and friends over the course of more than half our lives.
The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come.
For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it’s been an insanely great honor. I will miss Steve immensely. “

Statement from Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder and CEO:
“Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world. I will miss you.”

Statement from Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen:
“My condolences to Steve Jobs family and friends. We’ve lost a unique tech pioneer and auteur who knew how to make amazingly great products.”

Statement from House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.
“Steve Jobs was a visionary who changed the way we live, an innovator whose products brought joy to millions, a risktaker who wasn’t afraid to challenge the status quo, and an entrepreneur who led one of the most creative companies of our time.
“His sage advice was respected by policymakers on both sides of the aisle. His courageous fight against cancer brought strength to many.
“I hope it is a comfort to those who loved him, especially his family, that so many grieve his loss and are praying for them at this sad time.”

Statement from Walt Disney president Bob Iger:
“Steve Jobs was a great friend as well as a trusted advisor. His legacy will extend far beyond the products he created or the businesses he built. It will be the millions of people he inspired, the lives he changed, and the culture he defined. Steve was such an “original,” with a thoroughly creative, imaginative mind that defined an era. Despite all he accomplished, it feels like he was just getting started. With his passing the world has lost a rare original, Disney has lost a member of our family, and I have lost a great friend. Our thoughts and prayers are with his wife Laurene and his children during this difficult time.”

Statement from California Gov. Edmund Brown:
“Steve Jobs was a great California innovator who demonstrated what a totally independent and creative mind can accomplish. Few people have made such a powerful and elegant imprint on our lives. Anne and I wish to express our deepest sympathy to Steve’s wife, Laurene, and their entire family.”

Statement from New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg:
“Tonight, America lost a genius who will be remembered with Edison and Einstein, and whose ideas will shape the world for generations to come. Again and again over the last four decades, Steve Jobs saw the future and brought it to life long before most people could even see the horizon. And Steve’s passionate belief in the power of technology to transform the way we live brought us more than smart phones and iPads: it brought knowledge and power that is reshaping the face of civilization. In New York City’s government, everyone from street construction inspectors to NYPD detectives have harnessed Apple’s products to do their jobs more efficiently and intuitively. Tonight our City – a city that has always had such respect and admiration for creative genius – joins with people around the planet in remembering a great man and keeping Laurene and the rest of the Jobs family in our thoughts and prayers.”
Celebrities and Politicians Take to Twitter to Offer Condolences

Arianna Huffington, Huffington Post CEO:
“@ariannahuff: My thoughts go out to Steve Jobs’ family and friends. Thank you for changing our world.”

Steve Levitan, co-creator/executive producer of ABC’s “Modern Family”:
“@SteveLevitan: I’m so sorry to hear about the death of Steve Jobs. He was truly one of my heroes. He leaves one hell of a legacy. #iSad”

SnoopDogg, Rapper
“@snoopdogg: RIP Steve Jobs Rest in peace homie.”

Former California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger:
“@Schwarzenegger: Steve lived the California Dream every day of his life and he changed the world and inspired all of us. #ThankYouSteve”

Former California first lady Maria Shriver:
“@mariashriver: I’m going to turn off my Apple computer, iPhone and iPad tonight at 8pm and honor Steve with a moment of

digital silence. Will you join me?”
“@mariashriver: I’m so happy that I knew him and was so blessed by his friendship. He impacted all of our lives and changed the world.”
“@mariashriver: My heart weeps for all who worked with Steve and who loved him, especially my friend Laurene and their children.”

Jon Huntsman, Republican presidential candidate
“@JonHuntsman: Sad to hear about the passing of Steve Jobs, a true inspiration and a great American innovator.”

Ryan Seacrest, “American Idol” host/radio talk show personality/producer
“@RyanSeacrest: ‘Have the courage to follow ur heart & intuition. They already know what u truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.’ – Steve Jobs”

Nancy Grace, TV host, “Dancing With the Stars” contestent
“@NancyGraceHLN: About to go to air & discovered news about Steve Jobs – My heart goes out to his family tonight. #RIP Steve Jobs”

Lebron James, Miami Heat forward
“@KingJames: R.I.P Steve Jobs. Someone who definitely left his mark on this world! Innovations that will live and last forever!!”

Neil Patrick Harris, Actor on “How I Met Your Mother”
“@ActuallyNPH: Rest in peace, Steve Jobs. Your genius will live on for generations to come…”

Zach Braff, Actor
“@zachbraff: RIP Steve Jobs. A legend. A visionary innovator.”

Nick Lachey, singer, host of “The Sing-Off”
“@NickSLachey: Best wishes to the family of #stevejobs. What an amazing man and amazing life! Certainly, his legacy will be with us all forever. #RIP.”

This project has been developed using the C programming language and run in a Linux, Fedora Core 2 platform.
SCHEDULING POLICIES

Linux offers 3 different ways to deal with scheduling, 2 of them for real-time applications and 1 for normal processes. A static priority value, sched_priority, ranging from 0 to 99, is assigned to each process. This static priority value can be changed only via system calls. The scheduler keeps a list of runnable processes with these priority values. The way Linux determines which process will be running next is by looking at such list for the highest priority number, and then takes the process at the head of the list. The scheduling policy determines where a process will be inserted in the event that it has an equal priority value with another process. Likewise, it will determine how it will move once inside the list.

Most processes use SCHED_OTHER which is the default universal time-sharing scheduler policy. Other most time-critical applications that require precise control use SCHED_FIFO and SCHED_RR. When using SCHED_OTHER, processes must be assigned an static priority value of 0. Otherwise, if using the two other algorithms, the priority value shall range from 1 to 99. Only such processes with superuser privileges can have a priority value greater than 0, therefore they may use SCHED_FIFO and SCHED_RR.
All scheduling is preemptive, meaning that if a process with a higher priority is ready to run, the currently running process is preempted and taken to the wait list. It is the task of the scheduling policy to determine the ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static priority value.
SCHED_FIFO: First In – First Out Scheduling

SCHED_FIFO is used only with priority values ranging from 1 to 99, that is, a SCHED_FIFO process ready to be run will always preempt a normal, SCHED_OTHER, process currently running. SCHED_FIFO does not deal with time slicing. If a SCHED_FIFO process has been preempted by a higher priority process, it will go to the top of the wait list and will resume running as soon as all processes with higher priority values have been blocked.
SCHED_RR: Round Robin Scheduling

SCHED_RR works just like SCHED_FIFO, but with one difference: each SCHED_RR process is allowed to run for a specified time quantum. As soon as a running process reaches its alloted time quantum it will be put back at the end of the same-priority-value list. If a SCHED_RR process has been preempted by a higher value priority process, it will complete the unexpired portion of its alloted time quantum when it resumes execution.
SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux Time-Sharing Scheduling

This is the usual time-sharing scheduling algorithm used for all normal processes, or processes that do not require special static priority real-time mechanisms. The process that runs is determined by a dynamic priority inside the list of the same static priority values processes, namely 0. The dynamic priority is based on the nice level and increased for each time quantum the process is ready to run, but denied to run by the scheduler. This way ensures fairness among all static priority 0 processes.
Nice Level – the ‘nice’ command changes the priority level value of a process. The priority that may be adjusted by ‘nice’ runs from -20, the highest, to 19 the lowest.

IMPLEMENTATION

Each of the three programs in both, the Kernel and User Levels, was run 25 times, which produced varying time results depending on the random numbers genereated by them. An average was computed of these 25 results to come up with a final result for each algorithm.
The time was accurately measured using the following commands:
start_time = clock();
end_time = clock();
cpu_time_used = ((double) (end_time – start_time)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
system(“date”);

IMPLEMENTATION OF SCHEDULING AT KERNEL LEVEL
SCHED_FIFO: First In – First Out Scheduling

Three different programs were written in C to implement and test the FIFO algorithm. Each program creates 10 threads, and each thread, in turn, generates between 300,000 and 3,000,000 random numbers so they utilize CPU resources in varying time slots.
A completely different program from the ones indicated in the paragraph above runs the 3 main programs.
SCHED_RR: Round Robin Scheduling

Three different programs were written in C to implement and test the Round Robin algorithm. Each program creates 10 threads, and each thread, in turn, generates between 300,000 and 3,000,000 random numbers so they utilize CPU resources in varying time slots.
A completely different program from the ones indicated in the paragraph above runs the 3 main programs.
SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux Time-Sharing Scheduling

Three different programs were written in C to implement and test the Other algorithm. Each program creates 10 threads, and each thread, in turn, generates between 300,000 and 3,000,000 random numbers so they utilize CPU resources in varying time slots.
A completely different program from the ones indicated in the paragraph above runs the 3 main programs.
IMPLEMENTATION OF SCHEDULING AT USER LEVEL

SCHED_FIFO: First In – First Out Scheduling
Three different programs were written in C to implement and test the FIFO algorithm. Each program creates 10 threads, and each thread, in turn, increases or decreases the number of random numbers by a random number so each utilizes CPU resources in varying time slots.
A completely different program from the ones indicated in the paragraph above runs the 3 main programs.
Shortest Job Fist Scheduling
Three different programs were written in C to implement and test the Shortest Job First algorithm. Each program creates 10 threads, and each thread, in turn, increases the number of random numbers so they utilize CPU resources in varying time slots.
A completely different program from the ones indicated in the paragraph above runs the 3 main programs.
Longest Job Fist Scheduling
Three different programs were written in C to implement and test the Shortest Job First algorithm. Each program creates 10 threads, and each thread, in turn, decreases the number of random numbers so they utilize CPU resources in varying time slots.
A completely different program from the ones indicated in the paragraph above runs the 3 main programs.
CONCLUSIONS

The results at the Kernel Level were much better for the Round Robin algorithm and much worse for the Other algorithm.
The results at the User Level was best for LJF and worst for SJF.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

COP 5994 – Operating Systems Class Website
Operating Systems, Harvey M. Deitel, Paul J. Deitel, David R. Choffnes, Third Edition
Understanding the Linux Kernel, O’Reilly Online Catalog
Linux Process Scheduling
Linux Process Management
Linux Process Scheduling – Summary
Man Pages, Fedora Core 2
Info Pages, Fedora Core 2

CPC Computer Consultants, Inc.

Backup your Database

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename > backupfile.sql

Add drop table

This option is useful if you would like to create a backup file which can rewrite an existing database without having to delete the older database manually first.

mysqldump –add-drop-table -uusername -ppassword databasename > backupfile.sql

Directly compress data from a database

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename | gzip > backupfile.sql.gz

Back up only specified tables

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename specific_table1 specific_table2 > backupfile.sql

Backup multiple databases

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword –databases databasename1 databasename2 databasename3 > multibackupfile.sql

Back up only the database structure

mysqldump –no-data –databases databasename1 databasename2 databasename3 > structurebackupfile.sql

Backup up all databases on a server

mysqldump –all-databases > allbackupfile.sql

Restore database

mysql -uusername -ppassword databasename < backupfile.sql

Restoring zipped files

gunzip < backupfile.sql.gz | mysql -uusername -ppassword databasename

Moving database to a new server

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename | mysql –host=ip address -C databasename

The Linux man-pages project documents the system calls provided by the Linux kernel and the library functions provided by the Standard C library (with particular focus on glibc, the GNU C library) in Sections 2 and 3 of the manual, respectively. The man-pages project also provides some of the man pages you’ll find in Sections: 4, devices; 5, file formats; and 7, overviews, conventions, and miscellaneous. (Many of the man pages on a Linux system, especially those in sections other than 2 and 3, come from other packages.)

You can download the latest man-pages tarball here; older tarballs can be found here.

The man-pages maintainer is Michael Kerrisk. (mtk in the changelog; mtk.manpages-AT-gmail.com; blog).

http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/manpages/

Thank you for visiting CPC Computer Consultants, Inc.

at www.cpccci.com

o I spent much of this summer scanning tens of millions of IPs on the
Internet (plus collecting data contributed by some enterprises) to
determine the most commonly open ports.  Nmap now uses that
empirical data to scan more effectively.

And there is much more, from hundreds of new OS detection fingerprints
to many new Nmap Scripting Engine scripts and libraries.  I had no
idea how many people still used Windows 2000 until 4.68 came out
broken on that platform and I was flooded with email!  That is fixed
now.  And its just one of many bug fixes and performance improvements
in this release.  Remember that we had 7 Google SoC students working
full-time this summer, and this release includes some of their best
work.

You can obtain Nmap 4.75 from the normal location:

http://nmap.org/download.html

Please give it a try! And if you encounter any problems, report them
to nmap-dev as described at http://nmap.org/book/man-bugs.html

Here is the detailed list of important 4.75 changes from

http://nmap.org/changelog.html:

o [Zenmap] Added a new Scan Topology system. The idea is that if we
are going to call Nmap the “Network Mapper”, it should at least be
able to draw you a map of the network!  And that is what this new
system does. It was achieved by integrating the RadialNet Nmap
visualization tool (http://www.dca.ufrn.br/~joaomedeiros/radialnet),
into Zenmap. Joao Medeiros has been developing RadialNet for more
than a year. For details, complete with some of the most beautiful
Zenmap screen shots ever, visit
http://nmap.org/book/zenmap-topology.html. The integration work was
done by SoC student Vladimir Mitrovic and his mentor David Fifield.

o [Zenmap] Another exciting new Zenmap feature is Scan Aggregation.
This allows you to visualize and analyze the results of multiple
scans at once, as if they were from one Nmap execution. So you might
scan one network, analyze the results a bit, then scan some of the
machines more intensely or add a completely new subnet to the
scan. The new results are seamlessly added to the old, as described
at http://nmap.org/book/zenmap-scanning.html#aggregation. [David,
Vladimir]

o Expanded nmap-services to include information on how frequently each
port number is found open.  The results were generated by scanning
tens of millions of IPs on the Internet this Summer, and augmented
with internal network data contributed by some large
organizations. [Fyodor]

o Nmap now scans the most common 1,000 ports by default in either
protocol (UDP scan is still optional).  This is a decrease from
1,715 TCP ports and 1,488 UDP ports in Nmap 4.68.  So Nmap is faster
by default and, since the port selection is better thanks to the
port frequency data, it often finds more open ports as
well. [Fyodor]

o Nmap fast scan (-F) now scans the top 100 ports by default in either
protocol.  This is a decrease from 1,276 (TCP) and 1,017 (UDP) in
Nmap 4.68. Port scanning time with -F is generally an order of
magnitude faster than before, making -F worthy of its “fast scan”
moniker. [Fyodor]

o The –top-ports option lets you specify the number of ports you wish
to scan in each protocol, and will pick the most popular ports for
you based on the new frequency data.  For both TCP and UDP, the top
10 ports gets you roughly half of the open ports.  The top 1,000
(out of 65,536 possible) finds roughly 93% of the open TCP ports and
more than 95% of the open UDP ports. [Fyodor, Doug Hoyte]

o David integrated all of your OS detection fingerprint and correction
submissions from March 11 until mid-July.  In the process we reached
the 1500-signature milestone for the 2nd generation OS detection
system. We can now detect the newest iPhones, Linux 2.6.25, OS X
Darwin 9.2.2, Windows Vista SP1, and even the Nintendo Wii. Nmap now
has 1,503 signatures, vs. 1,320 in 4.68. Integration is now faster
and more pleasant thanks to the new OSassist application developed
by Nmap SoC student Michael Pattrick. See
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0089.html and
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0139.html for more details.

o Nmap now works with Windows 2000 again, after being broken by our
IPv6 support improvements in version 4.65. A couple new dependencies
are required to run on Win2K, as described at
http://nmap.org/book/inst-windows.html#inst-win2k .

o [Zenmap] Added a context-sensitive help system to the Profile
Editor.  You can now mouse-over options to learn more about what
they are used for and their proper argument syntax. [Jurand Nogiec]

o When Nmap finds a probe during ping scan which elicits a response,
it now saves that information for the port scan and later phases.
It can then “ping” the host with that probe as necessary to collect
timing information even if the host is not responding to the normal
port scan packets. Previously, Nmap’s port scan timing pings could
only use information gathered during that port scan itself.  A
number of other “port scan ping” system improvements were made at
the same time to improve performance against firewalled hosts. For
full details, see http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0647.html
[David, Michael, Fyodor]

o –traceroute now uses the timing ping probe saved from host
discovery and port scanning instead of finding its own probe. The
timing ping probe is always the best probe Nmap knows about for
eliciting a response from a target. This will have the most effect
on traceroute after a ping scan, where traceroute would sometimes
pick an ineffective probe and traceroute would fail even though the
target was up. [David]

o Added dns-safe-recursion-port and dns-safe-recursion-txid
(non-default NSE scripts) which use the 3rd party dns-oarc.net
lookup to test the source port and transaction ID randomness of
discovered DNS servers (assuming they allow recursion at all).
These scripts, which test for the “Kaminsky” DNS bugs, were
contributed by Brandon Enright.

o Added whois.nse, which queries the Regional Internet Registries
(RIRs) to determine who the target IP addresses are assigned
to. [Jah]

o [Zenmap] Overhauled the default list of scan profiles based on
nmap-dev discussion.  Users now have a much more diverse and useful
set of default profile options. And if they don’t like any of those
canned scan commands, they can easily create their own in the
Profile Editor! [David]

o Fyodor made a number of performance tweaks, such as:
o increase host group sizes in many cases, so Nmap will now commonly
scan 64 hosts at a time rather than 30
o align host groups with common network boundaries, such as /24 or
/25
o Increase maximum per-target port-scan ping frequency to one every
1.25 seconds rather than every five. Port scan pings happen
against heavily firewalled hosts and the like when Nmap is not
receiving enough responses to normal scan to properly calculate
timing variables and detect packet drops.

o Added a new NSE binlib library, which offers bin.pack() and
bin.unpack() functions for dealing with storing values in and
extracting them from binary strings.  For details, see
http://nmap.org/book/nse-library.html#nse-binlib . [Philip
Pickering]

o Added a new NSE DNS library. See this thread:
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0310.html [Philip Pickering]

o Added new NSE libraries for base64 encoding, SNMP, and POP3 mail
operations.  They are described at
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0233.html . [Philip Pickering]

o Added NSE scripts popcapa (retrieves POP3 server capabilities) and
brutePOP3 (brute force POP3 authentication cracker) which make use
of the new POP3 library. [Philip Pickering]

o Added the SNMPcommunitybrute NSE script, which is a brute force
community string cracker. Also modified SNMPsysdescr to use the new
SNMP library. [Philip Pickering]

o Fixed the SMTPcommands script so that it can’t return multiple
values (which was causing problems). Thanks to Jah for tracking down
the problem and sending a fix for SMTPcommands. Then Patrick fixed
NSE so it can handle misbehaving scripts like this without causing
mysterious side effects.

o Added a new NSE Unpwdb (username/password database) library for
easily obtaining usernames or passwords from a list.  The functions
usernames() and passwords() return a closure which returns a new
list entry with every call, or nil when the list is exhausted.  You
can specify your own username and/or password lists via the script
arguments userdb and passdb, respectively. [Kris]

o Nmap’s Nsock-utilizing subsystems (DNS, NSE, version detection) have
been updated to support the -S and –ip-options flags. [Kris]

o A new –max-rate option was added, which complements –min-rate. It
allows you to specify the maximum byte rate that Nmap is allowed to
send packets. [David]

o Added –ip-options support for the connect() scan (-sT). [Kris]

o Nsock now supports binding to a local address and setting IPv4
options with nsi_set_localaddr() and nsi_set_ipoptions(),
respectively. [Kris]

o Added IPProto Ping (-PO) support to Traceroute, and fixed support for
IPProto Scan (-sO) and the ICMP Pings (-PE, -PP, -PM) in Traceroute
as well.  These could cause Nmap to hang during Traceroute. [Kris]

o [Zenmap] Added a “Cancel” button for cancelling a scan in progress
without losing any Nmap output obtained so far. [Jurand Nogiec]

o Improve the netbios-smb-os-discovery NSE script to improve target
port selection and to also decode the system’s timestamp from an SMB
response. [Ron at SkullSecurity]

o Nmap now avoids collapsing large numbers of ports in open|filtered
state (e.g. just printing that 500 ports are in that state rather
than listing them individually) if verbosity or debugging levels are
greater than two.  See this thread:
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0312.html . [Fyodor]

o The NSE http library now supports chunked encoding. [Sven Klemm]

o The NSE datafiles library now has generic file parsing routines, and
the parsing of the standard nmap data files (e.g. nmap-services,
nmap-protocols, etc.) now uses those generic routines.  NSE scripts
and libraries may find them useful for dealing with their own data
files, such as password lists. [Jah]

o Passed the big revision 10,000 milestone in the Nmap project SVN
server: http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0682.html

o Added some Windows and MinGW compatibility patches submitted by
Gisle Vanem.

o Improved nse_init so that compilation/runtime errors in NSE scripts
no longer cause the script engine to abort. [Patrick]

o Fix a cosmetic bug in –script-trace hex dump output which resulting
in bytes with the highest bit set being prefixed with ffffff. [Sven
Klemm]

o Removed the nselib-bin directory. The last remaining shared NSE
module, bit, has been made static by Patrick. Shared modules were
broken for static builds of Nmap, such as those in the RPMS. We also
had the compilation problems (particularly on OpenBSD) with shared
modules which lead us to make PCRE static a while back. [David]

o Updated rpcinfo NSE script to use the new pack/unpack (binlib)
functions, use the new tab library, include better documentation, and
fix some bugs. [Sven Klemm]

o Add useful details to the error message printed when an NSE script
fails to load (due to syntax error, etc.) [Patrick]

o Fix a bug in the NSE http library which would cause some scripts to
give the error: SCRIPT ENGINE: C:\Program
Files\Nmap\nselib/http.lua:77: attempt to call field ‘parse’ (a nil
value) [Jah]

o Fixed a Makefile problem (race condition) which could lead to build
failures when launching make in parallel mode (e.g. -j4). [Michal
Januszewski]

o Added new addrow() function to NSE tab library.  It allows
developers to add a whole row at once rather than doing a separate
add() call for each column in a row. [Sven Klemm]

o Completion time estimates provided in verbose mode or when you hit a
key during scanning are now more accurate thanks to algorithm
improvements by David.

o Fixed a number of NSE scripts which used print_debug()
incorrectly. See
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0470.html. [Sven Klemm].

o [Zenmap] The Ports/Hosts view now provides full version detection
values rather than just a simple summary. [Jurand Nogiec]

o [Zenmap] When you edit the command-entry field, then change the
target selection, Nmap no longer blows away your edits in favor of
using your current profile. [Jurand Nogiec]

o Nsock now returns data from UDP packets individually, preserving the
packet boundary, rather than concatenating the data from multiple
packets into a single buffer.  This fixes a problem related to our
reverse-DNS system, which can only handle one DNS packet at a time.
Thanks to Tim Adam of ManageSoft for debugging the problem and
sending the patch.  Doug Hoyte helped with testing, and it was
applied by Fyodor.

o [Zenmap] Fixed a crash which would occur when you try to compare two
files, either of which has more than one extraports element. [David]

o Added the undocumented (except here) –nogcc option which disables
global/group congestion control algorithms and so each member of a
scan group of machines is treated separately.  This is just an
experimental option for now. [Fyodor]

o [Zenmap] The Ports/Hosts display now has different colors for open
and closed ports. [Vladimir]

o Fixed Zenmap so that it displays all Nmap errors.  Previously, only
stdout was redirected into the window, and not stderr.  Now they are
both redirected. [Vladimir]

o NSE can now be used in combination with ping scan (e.g. “-sP
–script”) so that you can execute host scripts without needing to
perform a port scan. [Kris]

o [NSE] Category names are now case insensitive. [Patrick]

o [NSE] Each thread for a script now gets its own action closure (and
upvalues). See: http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q2/0549.html
[Patrick]

o [NSE] The script_scan_result structure has been changed to a class,
ScriptResult, which now holds a Script’s output in an std::string.
This removes the need to use malloc and free to manage this memory.
A similar change was made to the run_record structure. [Patrick]

o [NSE] Fixed a socket exhaustion deadlock which could prevent a
script scan from ever finishing. Now, rather than limit the total
number of sockets which can be open, we limit the number of scripts
which can have sockets open at once.  And once a script has one
socket opened, it is permitted to open as many more as it
needs. [Patrick]

o A hashing library (code from OpenSSL) was added to NSE.  hashlib
contains md5 and sha1 routines. [Philip Pickering]

o Fixed host discovery probe matching when looking at the returned TCP
data in an ICMP error message.  This could formerly lead to
incorrectly discarded responses and the debugging error message:
“Bogus trynum or sequence number in ICMP error message” [Kris]

o Fixed a segmentation fault in Nsock which occurred when calling
nsock_write() with a data length of -1 (which means the data is a
NUL-terminated string and Nsock should take the length itself) and
the Nsock trace level was at least 2. [Kris]

o The NSE Comm library now defaults to trying to read as many bytes as
are available rather than lines if neither the “bytes” nor “lines”
options are given.  Thanks to Brandon for reporting a problem which
he noticed in the dns-test-open-recursion script. [Kris]

o Updated zoneTrans.nse to replace length bytes in returned domain
names to periods itself rather than relying on NSE’s old behavior of
replacing non-printable characters with periods.  Thanks to Rob
Nicholls for reporting the problem. [Kris]

o Some Zenmap crashes have been fixed: trying to “refresh” the output
of a scan loaded from a file, and trying to re-save a file loaded
from the command line in some circumstances. [David]

o [Zenmap] The file selector now remembers what directory it was last
looking at. [David]

o Added an extra layer of validity checking to received packets
(readip_pcap), just to be extra safe. See
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0644.html . [Kris]

o Zenmap defaults to showing files matching both *.xml and *.usr in
the file selector. Previously it only showed those matching *.usr.
The new combined format will be XML and .usr will be deprecated.
See http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0093.html .

o Nmap avoids printing the sending rate in bytes per second during a
TCP connect scan. Because the number of bytes per probe is not
known, it used to print current sending rates: 11248.85 packets / s,
0.00 bytes / s.  Now it will print simply print rates like “11248.85
packets / s”. [David]

o [Zenmap] Nmap’s installation process now include .desktop files
which install menu items for launching Zenmap as a privileged or
non-privileged process on Linux. This will mainly effect people who
install nmap and Zenmap directly from the source code. [Michael]

o Improved performance of IP protocol scan by fixing a bug related to
timing calculations on ICMP probe responses.  See r8754 svn log for
full details. [David]

o Nmap –reason output no longer falsely reports a localhost-response
during -PN scans. See
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0188.html. [Michael]

o [Zenmap] The higwidgets Python package has moved so it is now a
subpackage of zenmapGUI. This avoids naming conflicts with Umit,
which uses a slightly different version of higwidgets. [David]

o A bug that could cause some host discovery probes to be incorrectly
interpreted as drops was fixed. This occurred only when the IP
protocol ping (-PO) option was combined with other ping
types. [David]

o A new scanflags attribute has been added to XML output, which lists
all user specified –scanflags for the scan. nmap.dtd has been
modified to account for this. [Michael]

o The loading of the nmap-services file has been made much
faster–roughly 9 times faster in common cases.  This is important
for the new (much larger) frequency augmented nmap-services
file. [David]

o Added a script (ASN.nse) which uses Team Cymru’s DNS interface to
determine the routing AS numbers of scanned IP addresses.  They even
set up a special domain just for Nmap queries.  The script is still
experimental and non-default. [Jah, Michael]

o [Zenmap] Clicking “Cancel” in a file chooser in the diff interface
no longer causes a crash. [David]

o The shtool build helper script has been updated to version 2.0.8. An
older version of shutil caused installation to fail when the locale
was set to et_EE. Thanks to Michal Januszewski for the bug
report. [David]

o [Zenmap] Removed services.dmp and os_dmp.dmp and all the files that
referred to them. They are not needed with the new search
interface. Also removed an unused search progress bar.  And some
broken fingerprint submission code.  Yay for de-bloating! [David]

o [Zenmap] Added “%F” to the Exec link in the new Zenmap desktop
file. We expect (hope) that this will allow dragging and dropping
XML files onto the icon. [David]

o [Zenmap] The -o[XGASN] options can now be specified, just as you can
at the console. [Vladimir]

o [Zenmap] You can now shrink the scan window below its default
size thanks to NmapOutputViewer code enhancements. [David]

o [Zenmap] Removed optional use of the Psyco Python optimizer since
Zenmap is not the kind of CPU-bound application which benefits from
Psyco.

o [Zenmap] You can now select more than one host in the “Ports /
Hosts” view by control-clicking them in the column at left.

o [Zenmap] The profile editor now offers the –traceroute option.

o Zenmap now uses Unicode objects pervasively when dealing with Nmap
text output, though the only internationalized text Nmap currently
outputs is the user’s time zone. [David]

o Unprintable characters in NSE script output (which really shouldn’t
happen anyway) are now printed like \xHH, where HH is the
hexadecimal representation of the character. See
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0180.html . [Patrick]

o Nmap sometimes sent packets with incorrect IP checksums,
particularly when sending the UDP probes in OS detection. This has
been fixed. Thanks to Gisle Vanem for reporting and investigating the
bug. [David]

o Fixed the –without-liblua configure option so that it works
again. [David]

o In the interest of forward compatibility, the xmloutputversion
attribute in Nmap XML output is no longer constrained to be a
certain string (“1.02″). The xmloutputversion should be taken as
merely advisory by authors of parsers.

o Zenmap no longer leaves any temporary files lying around. [David]

o Nmap only prints an uptime guess in verbose mode now, because in
some situations it can be very inaccurate. See the discussion at
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2008/q3/0392.html. [David]

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename > backupfile.sql

Add drop table

This option is useful if you would like to create a backup file which can rewrite an existing database without having to delete the older database manually first.

mysqldump –add-drop-table -uusername -ppassword databasename > backupfile.sql

Directly compress data from a database

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename | gzip > backupfile.sql.gz

Back up only specified tables

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename specific_table1 specific_table2 > backupfile.sql

Backup multiple databases

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword –databases databasename1 databasename2 databasename3 > multibackupfile.sql

Back up only the database structure

mysqldump –no-data –databases databasename1 databasename2 databasename3 > structurebackupfile.sql

Backup up all databases on a server

mysqldump –all-databases > allbackupfile.sql

Restore database

mysql -uusername -ppassword databasename < backupfile.sql

Restoring zipped files

gunzip < backupfile.sql.gz | mysql -uusername -ppassword databasename

Moving database to a new server

mysqldump -uusername -ppassword databasename | mysql –host=ip address -C databasename

Compiled by Roberto Espinoza at www.cpccci.com

CPC Computer Consultants, Inc.

Please note that there are currently two “streams” of kernel development — one stream is considered “stable” releases, while the other stream is considered “development” releases. For mission critical applications such as an Internet server, it is highly recommended that you use the stable releases and stay away from the development kernels.

The difference between the two streams is that, with the development kernels, new as-yet untested hardware drivers, filesystems, and other “cutting edge” developments are introduced on a regular basis. These kernels are for use by hackers only — people who don’t mind having to reboot their system, should a kernel bug rear its ugly head.

The stable kernels introduce new features and drivers only after they have been thoroughly tested. Minor releases in this stream also serve to clean up any remaining bugs that are found and corrected.

The two streams use version numbers which are numbered differently to help distinguish between them. The stable kernels are numbered with the second number even (eg. 2.0.35, 2.0.36, 2.2.4) while the development kernels are numbered with the second number odd (eg. 2.1.120, 2.1.121, 2.3.0).

The latest stable kernel is always made available in source as well as pre-compiled binary formats on the ftp://ftp.redhat.com/redhat/updates/ FTP site. Download the desired kernel packages for your version and platform (for example, you would want to navigate to the “/6.1/i386/” directory and download the “kernel-*.i386.rpm” files for the 6.1 version on the Intel platform).

Sometimes, you may find it necessary to use a kernel that has not yet been made available as an RPM. In this case, you can find the latest kernels from the ftp://ftp.kernel.org FTP site, in the /pub/linux/kernel/ directory. Change to the appropriate major version subdirectory (eg. “v2.0”), which contains all kernel releases up to the most current one. Download the desired kernel package (for example, the compressed tarball for version 2.0.36 would be called “linux-2.0.36.tar.gz” for the Intel platform) and untar it in the “/usr/src” directory.

Please be aware that if you decide to upgrade your kernel by downloading a tarball, you will most certainly need to configure, compile, and install it yourself. Unless you have special needs that require the very latest development kernel, I strongly recommend you upgrade your kernel through Red Hat-provided RPM files — these are preconfigured and precompiled for you, although you can compile a custom kernel from RPM files as well should you wish.

For more information please visit our website at: http://www.cpccci.com and http://www.cpcwebsolutions.com

NAME

crontab – tables for driving cron

DESCRIPTION

A crontab file contains instructions to the cron(8) daemon of the general form: “run this command at this time on this date”. Each user has their own crontab, and commands in any given crontab will be executed as the user who owns the crontab. Uucp and News will usually have their own crontabs, eliminating the need for explicitly running su(1) as part of a cron command.

Blank lines and leading spaces and tabs are ignored. Lines whose first non-space character is a pound-sign (#) are comments, and are ignored. Note that comments are not allowed on the same line as cron commands, since they will be taken to be part of the command. Similarly, comments are not allowed on the same line as environment variable settings.

An active line in a crontab will be either an environment setting or a cron command. An environment setting is of the form,
name = value

where the spaces around the equal-sign (=) are optional, and any subsequent non-leading spaces in value will be part of the value assigned to name. The value string may be placed in quotes (single or double, but matching) to preserve leading or trailing blanks.

Several environment variables are set up automatically by the cron(8) daemon. SHELL is set to /bin/sh, and LOGNAME and HOME are set from the /etc/passwd line of the crontab’s owner. HOME and SHELL may be overridden by settings in the crontab; LOGNAME may not.

(Another note: the LOGNAME variable is sometimes called USER on BSD systems… on these systems, USER will be set also.)

In addition to LOGNAME, HOME, and SHELL, cron(8) will look at MAILTO if it has any reason to send mail as a result of running commands in “this” crontab. If MAILTO is defined (and non-empty), mail is sent to the user so named. If MAILTO is defined but empty (MAILTO=”"), no mail will be sent. Otherwise mail is sent to the owner of the crontab. This option is useful if you decide on /bin/mail instead of /usr/lib/sendmail as your mailer when you install cron — /bin/mail doesn’t do aliasing, and UUCP usually doesn’t read its mail.

The format of a cron command is very much the V7 standard, with a number of upward-compatible extensions. Each line has five time and date fields, followed by a user name if this is the system crontab file, followed by a command. Commands are executed by cron(8) when the minute, hour, and month of year fields match the current time, and when at least one of the two day fields (day of month, or day of week) match the current time (see “Note” below). Note that this means that non-existant times, such as “missing hours” during daylight savings conversion, will never match, causing jobs scheduled during the “missing times” not to be run. Similarly, times that occur more than once (again, during daylight savings conversion) will cause matching jobs to be run twice.

cron(8) examines cron entries once every minute.

The time and date fields are:

field allowed values

—– ————–

minute 0-59

hour 0-23

day of month 1-31

month 1-12 (or names, see below)

day of week 0-7 (0 or 7 is Sun, or use names)

A field may be an asterisk (*), which always stands for “first-last”.

Ranges of numbers are allowed. Ranges are two numbers separated with a hyphen. The specified range is inclusive. For example, 8-11 for an “hours” entry specifies execution at hours 8, 9, 10 and 11.

Lists are allowed. A list is a set of numbers (or ranges) separated by commas. Examples: “1,2,5,9”, “0-4,8-12”.

Step values can be used in conjunction with ranges. Following a range with “/” specifies skips of the number’s value through the range. For example, “0-23/2” can be used in the hours field to specify command execution every other hour (the alternative in the V7 standard is “0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22”). Steps are also permitted after an asterisk, so if you want to say “every two hours”, just use “*/2”.

Names can also be used for the “month” and “day of week” fields. Use the first three letters of the particular day or month (case doesn’t matter). Ranges or lists of names are not allowed.

The “sixth” field (the rest of the line) specifies the command to be run. The entire command portion of the line, up to a newline or % character, will be executed by /bin/sh or by the shell specified in the SHELL variable of the cronfile. Percent-signs (%) in the command, unless escaped with backslash (\), will be changed into newline characters, and all data after the first % will be sent to the command as standard input.

Note: The day of a command’s execution can be specified by two fields — day of month, and day of week. If both fields are restricted (ie, aren’t *), the command will be run when either field matches the current time. For example,
“30 4 1,15 * 5” would cause a command to be run at 4:30 am on the 1st and 15th of each month, plus every Friday.

EXAMPLE CRON FILE

# use /bin/sh to run commands, no matter what /etc/passwd says
SHELL=/bin/sh
# mail any output to `paul', no matter whose crontab this is
MAILTO=paul
#
# run five minutes after midnight, every day
5 0 * * *       $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out 2>&1
# run at 2:15pm on the first of every month -- output mailed to paul
15 14 1 * *     $HOME/bin/monthly
# run at 10 pm on weekdays, annoy Joe
0 22 * * 1-5   mail -s "It's 10pm" joe%Joe,%%Where are your kids?%
23 0-23/2 * * * echo "run 23 minutes after midn, 2am, 4am ..., everyday"
5 4 * * sun     echo "run at 5 after 4 every sunday"

For more information please visit our website at: http://www.cpccci.com and http://www.cpcwebsolutions.com

~# ls -l
total 456
drwx—— 7 root root 4096 Feb 24 05:50 somedir
-rw-rw-rw- 4 root root 323 Feb 18 09:10 somefile

By doing a ls -l (list long) we can see the permissions on two files in
my home dir. All we’re interested in now is the left most column so
lets remove the other stuff

drwx—— somedir
^^^^
||||
|||eXecute
||Write
|Read
Directory

First thing this tells us is that it’s a directory if it’s just a file
it will be – as in somefile above.
Second is Read, I can list the contents of this dir: ls somedir
Third is Write, I can place files into this directory: cp somefile somedir
Fourth is eXecute, I can cd into this directory: cd somedir

-rw-rw-rw- somefile
^^ ^^ ^^
|| || ||
|| || |world Write
|| || world Read
|| |group Write
|| group Read
|user Write
user Read

First permission tells us – which as we found out can mean directory,
since this is blank it is just a file.
Second is user Read, the owner of this file can read it: less somefile
Third is user Write, the owner can modify this file: rm somefile
Fourth is user blank, if it where x the owner could run this file: somefile
Fifth is group Read, anyone in this group can read this file: cat somefile
Sixth is group Write, anyone in this group can modify this file: rm somefile
Seventh is blank, if it where x anyone in the group could run this file
Eighth is world read, anyone can read this file: less somefile
Ninth is world write, anyone can modilfy this file: vi somefile
Tenth is blank, if it were x anyone could run this file

Now regardless of group or world settings only the owner and root can
change permissions on a file or dir The utility that you use to change
permissions on a file or dir is chmod

Chmod has two ways to set permissions on file or directories: Absolute
and Symbolic

Absolute: using numbers to set the permissions
eg: chmod 755 would = -rwxr-xr-x

Symbolic: using letters to set the permissions
eg: chmod a+rx,u+w would = -r-xr-xr-x

Symbolic is easier to understand but it’s also easy to make errors.
Once you understand Absolute you will probably use that all the time.

Absolute settings: The first number changes the user permissions
The second number changes the group permissions
The third number changes the world permissions

1 = eXecute 2 = Write 4 = Read

Now you can do chmod 1,2,4 somefile to change it’s permissions however
that is wasting key strokes. chmod allows you do add the numbers together to
change them so chmod 1,2,4 somefile is the same as chmod 7 somefile

If you only use one number chmod assumes all you want to change is the
user permissions so lets group some together so we can change everything.

-rw-rw-rw- somefile

This is easy to get we want Read Write so add read (4) to write (2)
we get 6 so: chmod 666 somefile is how we would get that.

Now suppose that somefile was a script you were working on once you
are done you probably don’t want to keep typing sh somefile to run it.
So you would make it eXecutable that is the 1 permission.

chmod 111 somefile becomes
—x–x–x somefile.
Opps were did the rw we had just go?

There is nothing wrong with it this way you can still run it like you
wanted, but if you go back and try and change or view it later on you
will get a permission denied error

That is why it’s called absolute. to acheive what we had before plus
the eXecute we want to add read (4), write (2) and eXecute (1) to make 7

chmod 777 somefile becomes -rwxrwxrwx somefile

Symbolic on the other hand is a bit more forgiving then absolute it won’t
change settings you already have if you omit them. So to at the eXecute
bit to somefile from the rw it was before with symbolic it is simply

chmod a+x somefile to get -rwxrwxrwx somefile

The first letter “a” applies to user class that you want to change
(user, group, world) The “+” means add this setting, there is also “-”
which removes it.

User Classes you can use are: a (all), u (user), g (group) and o (world)
or (other)
Permissions you can use are: r read, w write and x eXecute. In addition
you can also use u (user), g (group) and o (other) in the permission
place to set the permissions for the user class to match those of the other
user class you specify using the ‘=’, chmod a=u somefile will make
all the user classes match the one for user.

You can also group together user classes and permissions to make things
a bit quicker

Some quick Examples:

drwx—— somedir -rw-rw-rw- somefile

chmod g+x somefile -> -rw-rwxrw- somefile
chmod o+w somedir -> drwx—-w- somedir
chmod g+o somedir -> d-w–w–w- somedir
chmod go-rw somefile -> -rw—x— somefile
chmod a+u somefile -> -rw-rw-rw- somefile
chmod gou-rwx somedir -> d——— somedir
chmod a+rwx somedir -> drwxrwxrwx somedir
chmod +x somefile -> -rw—x–x somefile
chmod +r somefile -> -rw-r-xr-x somefile
chmod +w somefile -> -rw-r-xr-x somefile

For more information please visit our website at: http://www.cpccci.com and http://www.cpcwebsolutions.com